Carrier Oils and SPF: What You Need to Know

Increasing interest in natural skin care products has made sun protection a hot topic. Whilst larger skin care companies might have the wherewithal to get their products tested and get an actual SPF figure attributed to their skin care ranges, what does it mean for the smaller producers – or those individuals who are developing their own products?

This article explores the benefits of carrier oils and suggests ways to use them in enhancing the efficacy and overall performance of sunscreen products.

Understanding Sun Protection Factor (SPF)

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a crucial factor to consider when choosing a sunscreen product. It measures the level of protection a sunscreen provides against UVB rays, which are primarily responsible for sunburns and contribute to skin cancer. However, understanding SPF can be confusing, and misconceptions abound. We aim to clarify the concept of SPF and shed light on its relationship with carrier oils in sunscreen formulations.

SPF is a numerical rating that indicates the degree of protection a sunscreen offers against UVB radiation. Contrary to common belief, SPF is not directly linked to the duration of sun exposure but rather to the level of protection it provides. For example, a sunscreen with SPF 30 allows you to stay in the sun 30 times longer than you would without protection before experiencing sunburn. However, it is important to note that SPF only measures protection against UVB rays and not UVA rays, which also contribute to skin damage.

Carrier oils can play a role in enhancing the SPF of sunscreen formulations. While they cannot act as standalone sunscreens, some carrier oils possess natural SPF properties. For instance, red raspberry seed oil has been found to have a high inherent SPF, offering additional sun protection when incorporated into sunscreens. However, it is essential to note that the natural SPF of carrier oils alone may not provide adequate protection, so it is crucial to use them in combination with other sun-protective ingredients like zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

How SPF is measured

Sun Protection Factors are measured in the laboratory. They are an indication of how long you can stay in the sun without burning your skin. When it comes to sunburn, researchers recognise four distinct types of skin:

• Type I – very pale, light skin, usually with blonde or red hair. Type I skin can only stay unprotected in the sun for 5-10 minutes before burning.
• Type II – slightly darker skin, usually with blonde to brown hair. Type II skin can stay unprotected in the sun for 20 minutes before burning.
• Type III  - darker still, often with an olive complexion. Type III skin can stay in the sun for 30 minutes before burning.
• Type IV – darkest skin types. Type IV skin can stay in the sun for 40 minutes before burning.

An SPF rating gives an indication of how much longer you can extend your stay in the sun. For example, a product with an SPF rating of 15 will allow someone with Type II skin to stay in the sun 15 times longer before they start to burn – or a total of 300 minutes (5 hours).

However, measuring the SPF in the lab is no guarantee that you will be able to get the same effect outside by the pool. Nor does it take into account the other properties that you can get from using a carrier oil as a source of skin protection. Raspberry seed oil, for example, has a great SPF rating. It is also high in antioxidants and has an anti-inflammatory effect; it can reduce the pain and inflammation associated with sunburn. It has been found to make abnormal skin cells self-terminate – essentially stopping potential tumours and cancers from getting established.

Carrot seed oil, by comparison, is an essential oil. As such it should not be applied neat to the skin. However, even when diluted down to 2% in a carrier oil, it still has a high SPF rating. This is in part due to the way in which it supports melanin production in the skin.

There is some discrepancy between the figures different researchers are attributing to the various carrier oils. This is particularly noticeable when you consider carrier oils like avocado oil – with SPF ratings varying between 4 and 15 depending on whose reports you read. Although some of these discrepancies can be attributed to laboratory methods, unfortunately the vast majority of them are more likely to be a reflection of the quality of the crop that the sample came from.

What is a Carrier Oil?

Carrier oils are vegetable oils that are used to dilute essential oils to reduce their volatility and amount of chemical concentration that harm the skin when directly applied to it. Carrier oils are obtained through cold pressing, which is the process of crushing the nuts or seeds of plants to extract their nutrients, including minerals and fatty acids which strengthen the skin's barrier.

There are several types of carrier oils to choose from but finding the best one can be difficult, especially if you're considering it for a facial moisturiser or a homemade sunscreen. Whilst natural sunscreens are safer to the skin than those packed with man-made chemicals, using a carrier oil that isn't unadulterated may change the constitution of the product, or worse, cause skin irritation.

There is no such thing as identical carrier oils as each type of oil has its unique characteristics. Some oils are clear and unscented, others have a tinge of colour and a neutral scent. Some have a longer shelf life, others can only last for a couple of months. The list of their differences and benefits are wide and varied, and it's only by identifying your specific needs can you find the perfect oil for yourself. The oil's viscosity level, antioxidant properties and ability to protect you from radiation should matter more than its colour or scent, as these contribute to healthy skin.

Skin-Nourishing Properties of Carrier Oils

Carrier oils not only offer sun protection but also provide numerous skin-nourishing benefits. These oils are rich in vitamins, minerals and fatty acids that help moisturise, soothe and heal the skin. By incorporating carrier oils into sunscreen formulations, you can enjoy the dual benefits of sun protection and improved skin health.

Oils such as jojoba oil and argan oil are excellent choices due to their ability to mimic the skin's natural oils and regulate moisture levels effectively. They nourish the skin without leaving a greasy residue, making them suitable for various skin types.

In addition to moisturisation, carrier oils possess soothing properties that can help calm and reduce inflammation caused by sunburn or skin sensitivity. Oils like chamomile oil and calendula oil are renowned for their soothing effects and can provide relief to irritated skin. These oils also support the skin's natural healing process, aiding in the recovery of sun-damaged skin.

To save your skin, and we mean that in the literal sense, we prepared a list of the best carrier oils you can use in your homemade sunscreens and other skincare products:

• Grape seed oil is high in linoleic acid and has a low viscosity, making it suitable for massages.   
• Fractionated coconut oil is packed with antioxidants and Vitamin E and has a lighter consistency compared to unrefined coconut oil.
• Almond oil has a medium consistency and is rich in oleic acids.
• Jojoba oil has a medium consistency and mimics the skin's natural oils.
• Olive oil is packed with omega-3 fatty acids but not recommended to people with oily skin or acne-prone skin because of its thick consistency. 
• Red raspberry seed oil is a rich source of Vitamins A and E. It also provides the same UV protection as titanium dioxide, which is one of the primary ingredients of conventional sunscreens.
• Macadamia oil is considered to be among the top sunscreen oils as it contains cinnamic acid, a plant compound that provides a sunscreen effect.

Scientific Findings that Support the Benefits of Carrier Oils in Sunscreens

Evaluation of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Enhancing Properties of Red Raspberry Seed Oil (Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology)

This study examined the sun protection properties of red raspberry seed oil. Researchers found that the oil exhibited a high inherent Sun Protection Factor (SPF), providing natural sun protection against both UVA and UVB radiation. The study concluded that the addition of red raspberry seed oil to sunscreen formulations could enhance their SPF and improve their effectiveness in shielding the skin from harmful UV rays.

Jojoba Oil as a Potential Sunscreen Ingredient (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology)

In this study, the researchers investigated the potential of jojoba oil as a sunscreen ingredient. The findings revealed that jojoba oil possesses natural SPF properties and can effectively absorb and scatter UV radiation. The study concluded that incorporating jojoba oil into sunscreens could contribute to their sun protection capabilities while providing moisturisation and nourishment to the skin.

Efficacy of Carrot Seed Oil in Sunscreen Formulations (Journal of Cosmetic Science)

A clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of carrot seed oil in sunscreen formulations. The trial involved a group of participants who applied sunscreen containing carrot seed oil, while another group used a sunscreen without the oil. The results demonstrated that the sunscreen formulation with carrot seed oil provided enhanced protection against sunburn and showed a significant decrease in skin redness compared to the control group.

Evaluation of Pomegranate Seed Oil in Sunscreen Products (International Journal of Cosmetic Science)

This clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of sunscreen products containing pomegranate seed oil. Participants applied sunscreen with pomegranate seed oil to one area of their skin and a regular sunscreen without the oil to another area. The trial results showed that the sunscreen formulation with pomegranate seed oil offered better protection against UV-induced skin damage, including reduced redness and improved hydration, compared to the control sunscreen.

Tips for Using Carrier Oils for Sun Protection

If you are looking to create and/or use natural carrier oils as a means of sun protection, then it is worth considering the following:

• Whatever product you use, reapply it frequently. Laboratory conditions are very different to time out in the sun.
• Get the best possible carrier oil you can from a supplier you trust. If the carrier oil is adulterated or diluted in any way, it may not have the SPF rating that you are looking for.
• Choose a carrier oil that has a SPF rating that is appropriate to your skin type
• Test it properly on your skin before using it on its own – try it in short bursts before withdrawing from the sun in order to make sure it works for you.
• Test it over several days – one successful application doesn't constitute a reasonable test.
• Seek professional advice before considering using home-created products on children's skin or where the skin is compromised in some way.

In Summary

Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Sunscreen Options

With the increasing concern for the environment, the demand for sustainable and eco-friendly sunscreen options is on the rise. Traditional sunscreens often contain ingredients that can harm marine life and contribute to coral reef bleaching. By opting for carrier oil-based alternatives, you can enjoy sun protection while minimising your environmental impact.

Conventional sunscreens often contain chemicals like oxybenzone and octinoxate, which have been found to harm coral reefs and marine ecosystems. By choosing carrier oil-based sunscreens, you can avoid these harmful ingredients and reduce your carbon footprint on the environment.

Look for carrier oils that are sustainably sourced and biodegradable. Some examples include coconut oil, shea butter and almond oil. These oils are derived from renewable sources and have minimal environmental impact. Additionally, they offer moisturising and protective benefits for the skin.

When purchasing carrier oil-based sunscreens, also consider the packaging. Look for products that use recyclable or biodegradable packaging materials to further reduce waste and environmental footprint.

Lastly, it's important to remember that sustainable sun protection goes beyond the choice of sunscreen ingredients. Practise responsible sun behaviour by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen as a supplementary measure.

By making these choices, you can enjoy the benefits of sunscreen while minimising your impact on marine ecosystems and the planet as a whole.

Are you looking for carrier oil suppliers in your area or companies that offer organic skincare products? The Natural Therapy Pages has a generous listing of natural skincare companies who offer a wide range of products to keep your skin clear, healthy and beautiful in every season.